In which of the following research methods, manipulation and control of variables, and randomization of sample are two of the basic requirements?

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In which of the following research methods, manipulation and control of variables, and randomization of sample are two of the basic requirements?

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Official Paper 23: Held on 13th Nov 2020 Shift 1

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Ex-post facto research
Descriptive research
Case study research
Experimental research

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Research methods	Description
Ex-post facto research	An ex-post-facto the researcher attempts to trace an effect that has already occurred to its probable causes. The researcher has no direct control over the independent variable because it has occurred much prior to producing its effects.
Descriptive research	To study and obtain information concerning the current status of a given phenomenon. It determines the nature of a situation as it exists at the time of the study. The aim is to describe “what exists” with respect to variables or conditions in a situation.
Case study research	A case study is a deep, detailed, and intensive study of a social unit; It is a method of qualitative research; It preserves wholeness of the units i.e. it is an approach that views any social unit as a whole. It helps to collect detailed information about the unit of study and gives clues to new ideas and further research. As a tool of analysis, it helps to ascertain a number and variety of traits, qualities, and habits confined to a particular instance. The Case Study method shows the way to deepen our perception and sharpen insights to understand biographies.
Experimental research	It is a systematic and scientific approach to research on establishing causal relationships. It is designed for establishing cause and effect relationships between two or more variables. It investigates a hypothesis through experiments in a controlled environment where a variable is manipulated by the researcher and its impact is observed on the dependent variable. It tests the formulated hypothesis and uses the results to generalize to a larger population. It helps in establishing causal relationships among different events in the educational situation under controlled conditions There are four essential characteristics of experimental research: control manipulation observation and replication

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In which of the following research methods, manipulation and control of variables, and randomization of sample are two of the basic requirements?

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