The losses of energy in pipes is due to the

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JKSSB JE Civil Jal Shakti 5 Dec 2022 Official Paper (Shift 1)
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  1. Friction of surface
  2. Sudden Enlargement or Contraction of area
  3. Any obstruction in the path of flow
  4. All of these

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : All of these
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Explanation:

Major losses:

The major loss of energy or head is due to friction.

It is calculated by

  1. Darcy-Weisbach formula
  2. Chezy's formula.

Darcy-Weisbach formula

Where f = Coefficient of friction

L = Length of pipe, D = Diameter of pipe, v = Mean velocity of flow, g = Acceleration due to gravity

Chezy's formula

Where C = Chezy's constant, P = Wetted perimeter, A = Area of flow, L = length of pipe, v = mean velocity of flow

Minor losses:

Minor energy (head) loss occurs in the following cases-

  • Loss of head due to sudden enlargement.
  • Loss of head due to sudden contraction.
  • Loss of head due to an obstruction in the pipe.
  • Loss of head at the entrance to a pipe.
  • Loss of head at the exit to a pipe.
  • Loss of head due to bend in the pipe, and
  • Loss of head in various pipe fittings.

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