Quick Links
Quick Links
UPSC Exams
Latest Update
UP Police Head Operator Result 2025 UPSSSC Junior Assistant Admit Card 2025 Fastag Annual Pass 2025 UGC NET Answer Key June 2025 UGC NET Exam Analysis 2025 UGC NET Question Paper 2025 AP LAWCET Result 2025 UGC NET City Slip 2025 UPSC DAF 1 2025 Rajasthan PTET Answer Key 2025 UPSC Prelims Result 2025 UPSC IFS Result 2025 8th Pay Commission Salary Hike News UPSC 2024 Prelims Answer Key UPSC 2026 Calendar UPSC Admit Card 2025 UPSC Prelims Result Date 2025 UPSC Prelims Answer Key 2025 UPSC Prelims 2025 Expected Cut Off UPSC Prelims Exam Analysis 2025 UPSC Final Result 2025 UPSC Topper Shakti Dubey UPSC Application Rejected List 2025 UPSC Application Date Re-Extended UPSC Interview Date 2024 UPSC Notification 2025 UPSC Admit Card 2025 for Prelims UPSC CSE Prelims 2025 Question Paper UPSC IFS Notification 2025 Indian Navy MR Result 2025 Indian Navy SSR Result 2025
Coaching
UPSC Current Affairs
Syllabus
UPSC Notes
Previous Year Papers
UPSC Mains Previous Year Question Papers Last 25 Years UPSC Prelims Question Papers Last 10 Years UPSC Question Papers UPSC CSE Prelims 2025 Question Paper UPSC Mains 2024 Model Answers UPSC 2024 Question Papers UPSC 2023 Question Papers UPSC 2022 Question Papers UPSC 2021 Question Papers UPSC 2020 Question Papers UPSC 2019 Question Papers UPSC 2018 Question Papers UPSC 2017 Question Papers UPSC 2016 Question Papers UPSC 2015 Question Papers UPSC 2014 Question Papers UPSC CSAT Question Papers UPSC IFS Previous Year Paper UPSC Assistant Labour Commissioner Previous Question Year Papers UPSC Combined Geo Scientist Previous Year Paper UPSC APFC Previous Year Question Papers UPSC CMS Previous Year Question Paper UPSC EPFO Previous Year Paper UPSC Air Safety Officer Previous Year Papers UPSC SO Steno Previous Year Paper UPSC IES ISS Previous Year Question Papers
Mock Tests
UPSC Editorial
Bilateral Ties
Albania India Relations India Algeria Relations Andorra India Relations India Angola Relations India Antigua Barbuda Relations India Argentina Relations Austria India Relations India Azerbaijan Relations Bahamas India Relations India Bahrain Relations Barbados India Relations India Belarus Relations Belgium India Relations Belize India Relations Benin India Relations Bolivia India Relations India Bosnia Herzegovina Relations India Botswana Relations Brazil India Relations Brunei India Relations Bulgaria India Relations Burundi India Relations Cabo Verde India Relations India Cambodia Relations India Cameroon Relations Canada India Relations India Cayman Islands Relations India Central African Republic Relations India Chad Relations Chile India Relations India Colombia Relations India Comoros Relations India Democratic Republic Of The Congo Relations India Republic Of The Congo Relations India Cook Islands Relations India Costa Rica Relations India Ivory Coast Relations India Croatia Relations India Cyprus Relations India Czech Republic Relations India Djibouti Relations India Dominica Relations India Dominican Republic Relations India Ecuador Relations India El Salvador Relations India Equatorial Guinea Relations India Eritrea Relations Estonia India Relations India Ethiopia Relations India Fiji Relations India Finland Relations India Gabon Relations India Gambia Relations India Georgia Relations Germany India Relations India Ghana Relations India Greece Relations India Grenada Relations India Guatemala Relations India Guinea Relations India Guinea Bissau Relations India Guyana Relations India Haiti Relations India Holy See Relations India Honduras Relations India Hong Kong Relations India Hungary Relations India Iceland Relations India Indonesia Relations India Iran Relations India Iraq Relations India Ireland Relations India Jamaica Relations India Kazakhstan Relations India Kenya Relations India Kingdom Of Eswatini Relations India Kiribati Relations India Kuwait Relations India Kyrgyzstan Relations India Laos Relations Latvia India Relations India Lebanon Relations India Lesotho Relations India Liberia Relations Libya India Relations Liechtenstein India Relations India Lithuania Relations India Luxembourg Relations India Macao Relations Madagascar India Relations India Malawi Relations India Mali Relations India Malta Relations India Marshall Islands Relations India Mauritania Relations India Micronesia Relations India Moldova Relations Monaco India Relations India Montenegro Relations India Montserrat Relations India Morocco Relations Mozambique India Relations India Namibia Relations India Nauru Relations Netherlands India Relations India Nicaragua Relations India Niger Relations India Nigeria Relations India Niue Relations India North Macedonia Relations Norway India Relations India Palau Relations India Panama Relations India Papua New Guinea Relations India Paraguay Relations Peru India Relations India Philippines Relations Qatar India Relations India Romania Relations Rwanda India Relations India Saint Kitts And Nevis Relations India Saint Lucia Relations India Saint Vincent And Grenadines Relations India Samoa Relations India Sao Tome And Principe Relations Saudi Arabia India Relations India Senegal Relations Serbia India Relations India Sierra Leone Relations India Singapore Relations India Slovak Republic Relations India Slovenia Relations India Solomon Islands Relations Somalia India Relations India South Sudan Relations India Spain Relations India Sudan Relations Suriname India Relations India Sweden Relations India Syria Relations India Tajikistan Relations Tanzania India Relations India Togo Relations India Tonga Islands Relations India Trinidad And Tobago Relations India Tunisia Relations India Turkmenistan Relations India Turks And Caicos Islands Relations India Tuvalu Relations India Uganda Relations India Ukraine Relations India Uae Relations India Uruguay Relations India Uzbekistan Relations India Vanuatu Relations India Venezuela Relations India British Virgin Islands Relations Yemen India Relations India Zambia Relations India Zimbabwe Relations
Books
Government Schemes
Production Linked Incentive Scheme Integrated Processing Development Scheme Rodtep Scheme Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme Saathi Scheme Uday Scheme Hriday Scheme Samagra Shiksha Scheme India Nishta Scheme Stand Up India Scheme Sahakar Mitra Scheme Mdms Mid Day Meal Scheme Integrated Child Protection Scheme Vatsalya Scheme Operation Green Scheme Nai Roshni Scheme Nutrient Based Subsidy Scheme Kalia Scheme Ayushman Sahakar Scheme Nirvik Scheme Fame India Scheme Kusum Scheme Pm Svanidhi Scheme Pmvvy Scheme Pm Aasha Scheme Pradhan Mantri Mahila Shakti Kendra Scheme Pradhan Mantri Lpg Panjayat Scheme Mplads Scheme Svamitva Scheme Pat Scheme Udan Scheme Ek Bharat Shresth Bharat Scheme National Pension Scheme Ujala Scheme Operation Greens Scheme Gold Monetisation Scheme Family Planning Insurance Scheme Target Olympic Podium Scheme
Topics
NASA Space Missions
NASA Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Redstone 4 (Liberty Bell 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Atlas 7 (Aurora 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Atlas 8 (Sigma 7) Mission NASA Mercury-Atlas 9 (Faith 7) Mission NASA Gemini 3 Mission NASA Gemini 4 Mission NASA Gemini 5 Mission NASA Gemini 7 Mission NASA Gemini 8 Mission NASA Gemini 9 Mission NASA Gemini 10 Mission NASA Gemini 11 Mission NASA Gemini 12 Mission NASA Apollo 1 (AS‑204) Mission NASA Apollo 7 Mission NASA Apollo 8 Mission NASA Apollo 9 Mission NASA Apollo 10 Mission NASA Apollo 11 Mission NASA Apollo 12 Mission NASA Apollo 13 Mission NASA Apollo 14 Mission NASA Apollo 15 Mission NASA Apollo 16 Mission NASA Apollo 17 Mission NASA Skylab Orbital Workshop Mission NASA Skylab 2 Mission NASA Skylab 3 Mission NASA Skylab 4 Mission NASA Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Mission NASA STS‑1 Columbia Mission NASA STS‑3 Columbia Mission NASA STS‑7 Challenger Mission NASA STS‑8 Challenger Mission NASA STS‑41B Challenger Mission NASA STS‑41G Discovery (1st female EVA) Mission NASA STS‑51L Challenger (accident) Mission NASA STS‑26 Discovery (Return‑to‑Flight) Mission NASA STS‑31 Discovery (Hubble Launch) Mission NASA STS‑49 Endeavour (first capture EVA) Mission NASA STS‑61 Endeavour (Hubble Servicing 1) Mission NASA STS‑73 Columbia (microgravity) Mission NASA STS‑95 Discovery (John Glenn returns) Mission NASA STS‑107 Columbia (accident) Mission NASA STS‑114 Discovery (RTF‑2) Mission NASA STS‑120 Discovery (Node 2) Mission NASA STS‑125 Atlantis (Final Hubble Service) Mission NASA STS‑132 Atlantis Mission NASA STS‑135 Atlantis (Final Shuttle flight) Mission NASA Artemis I (Orion/ SLS‑1) Mission NASA Artemis II (Planned) Mission NASA Artemis III (Planned lunar landing) Mission NASA Mariner 4 Mission NASA Mariner 6 Mission NASA Mariner 7 Mission NASA Mariner 9 Mission NASA Viking 1 Orbiter/Lander Mission NASA Viking 2 Orbiter/Lander Mission NASA Mars Pathfinder & Sojourner Mission NASA Mars Global Surveyor Mission NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey Mission NASA Mars Exploration Rover – Spirit Mission NASA Mars Exploration Rover – Opportunity Mission NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission NASA Phoenix Mars Lander Mission NASA InSight Mars Lander Mission NASA Mars 2020 (Perseverance & Ingenuity) Mission NASA Mars Sample Return – SRL (planned) Mission NASA Pioneer 10 Mission NASA Pioneer 11 Mission NASA Voyager 1 Mission NASA Voyager 2 Mission NASA Galileo Jupiter Orbiter/Probe Mission NASA Cassini–Huygens Mission NASA New Horizons (Pluto & KBO) Mission NASA Juno Mission NASA Europa Clipper (planned) Mission NASA Parker Solar Probe Mission NASA Solar Orbiter (ESA/NASA) Mission NASA Surveyor 1 Mission NASA Lunar Orbiter 1 Mission NASA Lunar Prospector Mission NASA LCROSS Mission NASA LADEE Mission NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Mission NASA CAPSTONE Mission NASA VIPER Rover (planned) Mission NASA NEAR Shoemaker Mission NASA Deep Space 1 Mission NASA Stardust Mission NASA Genesis Mission NASA Deep Impact Mission NASA Dawn (Vesta/Ceres) Mission NASA OSIRIS‑REx Mission NASA Lucy Mission NASA DART Mission NASA Landsat‑1 (ERTS‑1) Mission NASA Landsat‑5 Mission NASA Landsat‑9 Mission NASA Terra Mission NASA Aqua Mission NASA Aura Mission NASA Suomi NPP Mission NASA Sentinel‑6 Michael Freilich Mission NASA ICESat‑2 Mission NASA GRACE‑FO Mission NASA SMAP Mission NASA GPM Core Observatory Mission NASA CALIPSO Mission NASA CloudSat Mission NASA NISAR (NASA‑ISRO) Mission NASA Explorer 1 Mission NASA COBE Mission NASA Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Mission NASA Hubble Space Telescope Mission NASA Chandra X‑ray Observatory Mission NASA Spitzer Space Telescope Mission NASA WISE Mission NASA Kepler Mission NASA TESS Mission NASA Fermi Gamma‑ray Space Telescope Mission NASA NICER Mission NASA IXPE Mission NASA Roman Space Telescope (planned) Mission NASA NuSTAR Mission NASA GALEX Mission NASA Swift Mission NASA SOHO (ESA/NASA) Mission NASA Cluster II (ESA/NASA) Mission NASA TIMED Mission NASA STEREO‑A/B Mission NASA MMS Mission NASA IRIS Mission NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory Mission NASA X‑37B OTV‑1 (USAF/NASA liaison) Mission NASA X‑59 QueSST Mission NASA Mars Helicopter Ingenuity Mission NASA Valkyrie R5 Robot Mission NASA Low‑Boom Flight Demo Mission NASA CRS‑1 Dragon Mission NASA CRS‑1 Cygnus Mission NASA Crew Dragon Demo‑2 Mission NASA Starliner OFT‑2 Mission NASA STS-2 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-4 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-5 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-6 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-41C (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-41D (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-51A (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-61C (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-26 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-27 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-29 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-30 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-32 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-34 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-38 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-45 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-60 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-70 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-71 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-73 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-88 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-92 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-97 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-99 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-100 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-104 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-106 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-110 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-112 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-115 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-116 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-117 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-118 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-120 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-122 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-123 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-126 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA STS-130 (Shuttle flight) Mission NASA Vanguard 1 Mission NASA Transit 1B Mission NASA Echo 1 Mission NASA Telstar 1 Mission NASA Syncom 3 Mission NASA ATS‑6 Mission NASA Skynet Mission NASA Nimbus‑1 Mission NASA Nimbus‑7 Mission NASA ERS-1 Mission NASA SeaSat Mission NASA QuikSCAT Mission NASA Jason‑1 Mission NASA Jason‑3 Mission NASA ICESat Mission NASA Earth Observing‑1 Mission NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory‑2 Mission NASA CYGNSS Mission NASA PACE Mission NASA TRMM Mission NASA Terrestrial Planet Finder (cxl) Mission NASA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) Mission NASA Explorer 33 Mission NASA Voyager Interstellar Mission Mission NASA Helios‑A Mission NASA Helios‑B Mission NASA ISEE‑3 (ICE) Mission NASA ACE Mission NASA DSCOVR Mission NASA IBEX Mission NASA Solar Orbiter Heliospheric Imager Mission NASA SAGE‑III ISS Mission NASA SPACE Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Mission NASA ARIEL (ESA/NASA) Mission NASA OSAM‑1 (Restore‑L) Mission NASA Dragonfly (Titan rotorcraft) Mission NASA VERITAS (Venus orbiter) Mission NASA DAVINCI (Venus probe) Mission NASA SPHEREx Mission NASA MAGGIE (Mars Geophysical) Mission NASA CLPS – Peregrine Mission NASA CLPS – VIPER Delivery Mission NASA CAPSTONE Mission NASA Gateway (HALO / PPE) Mission NASA Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (cxl) Mission NASA Mars Polar Lander (MPL) Mission NASA Mars Climate Orbiter Mission NASA Pathfinder Mission Mission NASA SLS Block 1B (Exploration Upper Stage) Mission NASA Orion Crew Module Mission NASA Commercial LEO Destinations – Axiom Station Mission NASA ISS Expedition 1 Mission NASA ISS Expedition 70 Mission NASA CRS‑11 (Dragon) Mission NASA CRS‑21 (Dragon 2) Mission NASA Snoopy CubeSat Mission
Home / UPSC Editorials / Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill 2024

Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill 2024 | UPSC Editorials

Last Updated on Dec 14, 2024
Also Read Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill 2024 in Hindi
Download As PDF
IMPORTANT LINKS
Why Loksabha Speaker & Deputy Speaker are in News? Why Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 and NEET are in news? Indo-Bangladesh Relations Manipur Conflict National Emergency in India Balancing Religious Traditions and Human Dignity India-West Diplomatic Relations India Needs a National Security Strategy Judicial Oversight in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act India Russia Bilateral Relations Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) COP 28 Climate Summit Muslim Women’s Right to Maintenance NITI Aayog’s Sustainable Development Goals Report India Mauritius Relations Supreme Court Ruling on the Citizenship Case Economic Outlook Survey 2023-24 Union Budget 2024-25 Person with Disability

On December 3, 2024, the Rajya Sabha passed the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024. This marks an important landmark in the pursuit of India to develop domestic fuel production and reduce dependency on imports. The Bill amends the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act of 1948 bringing significant changes to encourage private investment, modernize the regulatory framework, and clearly define governance of petroleum and mineral oils. This is made in discourses and debates, especially by parties like the DMK as regards state powers and the regulation of the environmental impact.

Analysis based on 

Editorial How Oilfields Amendment Bill aims to delink petroleum, mineral oil production from mining activities published in The Indian Express on December 5th, 2024

Topics for UPSC Prelims

Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act 1948, Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act 1957, Natural resources in India, Mineral resource management, Renewable energy

Topics for UPSC Mains

India's energy sector, Energy security, Measures to reduce carbon emissions, Impact of fossil fuel extraction on the environment, Federalism and Centre-State relations

About the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act of 1948

The Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act of 1948 happens to be one of the landmark enactments brought with regard to regulating the development of, and regulating, oil fields and India's mineral oil resources.

Known originally as the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948, it was later differentiated from the general mining regulation when the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 was introduced. It is in this Act of 1948 that exploration, extraction, and production of hydrocarbons were addressed. The essential characteristics of the 1948 Act included control and regulation of oil exploration, production, and terms of licenses and leases issued for the said purpose by the government. The Act would result in the scientific and orderly exploitation of petroleum resources with a focus on the development of the economy and safeguarding the national interest. It also took care of the legislation that prescribed laws related to the Central Government concerning matters with respect to oil fields and punishments upon its violation.

Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957

The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 was a landmark legislation for all round regulation of mining activities which excluded the scope of petroleum and natural gas falling within the ambit of the 1948 Act.

Some of the notable features of the 1957 Act are:

  • It provides a regulatory framework for the award of mining leases and licenses for the exploration and extraction of minerals other than petroleum and natural gas.
  • It provides clarity on the collaborative roles of the central and state governments in the regulation of mines and minerals, ensuring federal involvement while respecting state jurisdiction.
  • The Act encompasses environmental safeguards and safety standards with regard to the carrying on of mining activities in an environment-friendly manner.

Read the article on the Supreme Court ruling on Royalty, Tax & Mining Regulations!

UPSC Beginners Program

Get UPSC Beginners Program SuperCoaching @ just

₹50000

Claim for free
Want to know more about this pass ?
Explore SuperCoaching

Key Features of the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Bill 2024

Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Bill 2024 brings about radical reforms in the 1948 Act as it tries to reform the existing framework of regulation to energize the country's indigenous production and inspire private investment.

  • Definition of Mineral Oils: According to the Bill, "mineral oils" refer to hydrocarbons of natural origin in any gaseous, liquid, viscous, or solid form, and thus comprise crude oil, natural gas, and petroleum. However, the following are excluded: coal, lignite, and helium accompanying or associated with petroleum or coal.
  • Petroleum Leases: The Bill substitutes the term "mining leases" with "petroleum leases," which are defined for prospecting, exploration, development, production, and disposal of mineral oils. This would mean the specific regulatory framework applicable to oilfields is made clear.
  • Promoting Private Investment: To promote private participation, the Bill ensures all existing leases would be declared valid and not prejudiced adversely to the lessees. It de-criminalizes violations of the Act, replacing imprisonment by fines, thus making the regulatory environment more business-friendly.
  • Environmental Provisions: Strengthening environmental directives focus on regulating carbon and greenhouse gas emissions while promoting renewable energy efforts on oilfield operations. This is aimed at bringing the oil sector in line with India's commitments to climate.
  • Penalties and Compliance: This Bill provides for hefty amounts as fines for the guilty parties of ₹25 lakh besides that day-to-day penalties continue being accrued with an emphasis towards monetary rather than punitive imposition.

Read the article on the List of Major Minerals in India!

What is Mineral Oil?

Mineral oil is a hydrocarbon, originating from the earth, consisting of crude oil, natural gas, and petroleum. These are the natural occurring substances, basically comprising carbon and hydrogen atoms. They exist in both liquid, viscous, and solid states. Mineral oils play an essential role in the manufacture of fuels, lubricants, and most petrochemical products.

Significance of Defining “Mineral Oils” in the Amended Oilfields Act

Defining "mineral oils" in the amended Act is crucial for several reasons:

  • Legal clarity: It shall indicate what resources fall under what section of the Act in that it diminishes uncertainty
  • Regulatory clarity: It separates hydrocarbons from other minerals, thereby opening opportunities for specific regulations to apply.
  • Attraction of investment: Provides certainty to investors about the legal framework governing their activities.

Defining mineral oils precisely would simplify current regulatory procedures in line with the prevalent practice in industry.

Read the article on the National Mineral Policy!

Significance of the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Bill 2024

2024 Bill holds significance on account of following reasons

  • Domestic Petroleum Production Increase: This would enhance petroleum production at the domestic front, reducing imports dependency, further fortifying the energy security scenario.
  • Up-gradation in Regulations: Modernizing regulations fit into a new economic as well as a new technological landscape.
  • Investor-Friendly Environment: It helps in creating a more investor-friendly business environment by decriminalizing minor offenses.
  • Environmental Concerns: It contains provisions to address environmental concerns and promote green practices.

The Bill reflects the desire of the government to open up to the shift in the energy landscape but in the same breath promotes sustainability and investment.

Read the article on Carbon Neutrality!

Impact of the Oilfields Bill 2024 on the Power of States

The Bill has caused an uproar over the distribution of power between the Centre and states:

  • State Authority: The opponents feel that classifying leases as "petroleum" rather than "mining" may compromise state authority to collect taxes and revenues on these resources.
  • Revenue Sharing: The reclassification may impact states' ability to collect taxes on petroleum activities, possibly centralizing control.
  • Legal and Constitutional Implications: The Supreme Court's decision reaffirming states' rights to tax mineral rights complicates the issue, requiring careful analysis of the Bill's implications on state autonomy.

The success of the Bill will hinge on addressing these concerns and ensuring equitable revenue-sharing mechanisms.

Read the article on the Federal Features of Indian Constitution!

We hope your doubts regarding the topic have been addressed after going through the above article. Testbook offers good quality preparation material for different competitive examinations. Succeed in your UPSC IAS exam preparations by downloading the Testbook App here!

UPSC Practice Questions
  1. Discuss the significant amendments introduced in the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Bill, 2024, and critically evaluate their potential impact on India's energy security and environmental sustainability.
  2. Examine the implications of the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Bill, 2024, on the federal structure of India, particularly in the context of state and central government relations over revenue sharing and regulatory control of mineral resources.

Report An Error
Exams Tests Super Practice