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Home / IAS Preparation / Types of Roads in India

Types of Roads in India: National, State, District & More

Last Updated on Feb 28, 2025
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The network of roads across India connects all cities, towns, and villages. Based on function, construction, and administration, roads are classified into several types in India. Roads contribute significantly to the transportation, trade, and development of the nation. They enable economic growth as they facilitate free movement of people and goods in the country.

India's major types of roads are national highways, state highways, district roads, rural roads, expressways, and border roads. National highways link the major cities of the nation, while the state highways join different regions in the states. The rural roads improve connectivity for villages. The expressways make it possible to travel fast; border roads further strengthen national security by giving easy access to distant places.

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GS Paper

General Studies Paper I

Topics for UPSC Prelims

Classification of Roads: National Highways, State Highways, Rural Roads, Expressways

Topics for UPSC Mains

Role of Road Infrastructure in India's Development

A Comprehensive Guide to Indian Road Types

There are seven distinct categories of roads in India, each serving a unique purpose.

  • National Highways: These are the primary arteries of the country, connecting major cities, capitals, and ports. The National Highways Act 1956 was passed by the Government of India to oversee the construction and maintenance of these roads. You can find a compilation of key National Highways in India here.
  • State Highways: State Highways link the significant towns and cities within a particular state. The responsibility for their construction and upkeep lies with the state's Public Work Departments (PWD).
  • District Roads: These roads connect the district headquarters to the major towns and larger villages within the district. The Zilla Parishad and P.W.D are responsible for building and maintaining these roads.
  • Village Roads: These roads, maintained by village panchayats, provide connectivity within the villages. However, they are not designed to accommodate heavy traffic.
  • Border Roads: Built in the Northern and North Eastern Border Areas, these strategic roads are maintained by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), established in 1960.
  • International Highways: These are the nation's highway roads that connect India with its neighboring countries.
  • Expressways: These are the highest quality roads in India, with controlled entrances and exits facilitated by ramps. The National Expressway Authorsity of India oversees their construction and maintenance.

This topic is incredibly useful for those preparing for the IAS Exam.

Overview of Expressways in India

Expressways, characterized by six or more lanes, have controlled entry and exit points. Despite having the world's lowest densities of expressways, India boasts 26 operational expressways as of April 2020. An additional 30 expressways are under construction, and 27 are in the planning or proposal stage. Here are some well-known completed expressway projects:

  • Agra-Lucknow Expressway (302 Km)
  • Yamuna Expressway (165 Km)
  • Outer Ring Road Hyderabad (158 Km)
  • Mumbai-Nashik Expressway (150 km)
  • Eastern Peripheral Expressway (135 Km)

These are the longest expressways in India. The Ganga Expressway project, which is 628 km long and connects Meerut and Prayagraj, will become the longest expressway in India upon completion. This project was initiated in 2019.

Read about : Char Dham Project: Overview, Concerns and Facts

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Exploring Sagarmala and Bharatmala Projects

Bharatmala is a large-scale road infrastructure project initiated by the Government of India. By 2022, a total of 35,000 Km of national highways will be constructed and upgraded. The Sagarmala Project involves the construction of high-quality roads in coastal areas and areas adjoining ports, development of coastal economic zones, and inland waterways. This project aims to boost exports and employment. The Government of India has allocated funds to the tune of $75 billion for the Bharatmala Pariyojana Project. The project is undertaken by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. The Ministry of Shipping is responsible for the Sagarmala project, which involves an investment of Rs 8.5 trillion. Both projects were launched in 2015 and are still active.

For more information, check out the following links:

Read about: National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)

Unveiling the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched in 2000 to provide good all-weather road connectivity to all villages in India. The project, which is still active, is managed by the Ministry of Rural Development. In 2015, it was announced that the Central Government would contribute 60% of the funds and states would contribute 40% of the funds for the project. The progress of the project is monitored using the GIS System. The project also attempts to increase the green cover near the roads. To know more about the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) , check out the link provided.

Recent Developments in Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

1.

Twelve districts of Jammu and Kashmir are among the top 30 performing districts in the country under the PMGSY.

2.

According to a report, only 2,198km of roads were constructed under the PMGSY until June 2020, marking a 40% year-on-year decrease.

3.

A recent study conducted by US-based researchers on rural development schemes revealed that in over 11,000 villages that lacked a paved road in 2001, the share of workers in agriculture dropped by 9 percentage points, while the share in manufacturing, education, and retail grew by 7 percentage points. On average, 14 workers per village started working outside, facilitated by improved transport.

4.

In September 2020, Union minister Jitendra Singh inaugurated 23 road and bridge projects worth around Rs 73 crore in Kathua, Udhampur, Doda, and Reasi districts of Jammu and Kashmir. The projects include 15 roads built under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana for all-weather connectivity and eight bridges for better connectivity.

 

Key Takeaways for UPSC Aspirants

  • National Highways (NHs): Major roads connecting important cities and regions, maintained by NHAI under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.
  • State Highways (SHs): Roads managed by state governments, linking districts and major towns to the National Highway network.
  • District Roads: Divided into Major District Roads (MDRs) and Other District Roads (ODRs), connecting rural areas with towns and markets.
  • Rural Roads: Also called village roads, they provide last-mile connectivity, crucial for rural development and agricultural transportation.
  • Expressways: High-speed, access-controlled roads designed for long-distance travel, ensuring efficient movement with limited entry-exit points.
  • Border Roads: Built by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), these roads enhance connectivity in remote and strategic border areas.
  • Golden Quadrilateral: A highway network connecting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata, improving trade and transportation across India.
  • Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): Government scheme aimed at providing all-weather road connectivity to rural habitations.
  • Green Roads: Environmentally sustainable roads integrating eco-friendly materials and techniques to reduce carbon footprint and enhance durability.
  • Smart Roads: Technology-driven roads with intelligent traffic management, sensor-based monitoring, and advanced infrastructure for efficient transportation.

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Types of Roads UPSC FAQs

Expressways are access-controlled roads with the capacity for higher throughput and faster and more efficient travel at fewer entry and exit points.

India has different categories of roads, such as National Highways (NHs), State Highways (SHs), District Roads, Rural Roads, Expressways, Border Roads, and Urban Roads.

National Highways (NHs) link major cities and economic centers between states, whereas State Highways (SHs) link major towns and districts within a state.

BRO builds and maintains border roads for strategic military mobility and connectivity in inaccessible areas.
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