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The Indian National Movement began to rise and grow in the Post-Mutiny period i.e in the later half of the Nineteenth Century. The major causes of Indian National Movement were the colonial policies and the reactions to those policies. Revolts and battles against British rule in India did exist right from the beginning. But they were confined to smaller areas and did not represent India as a whole. Though the political unity brought about by the great rulers such as Ashoka and Akbar did not last long, cultural unity always existed among the Indians. The formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885, gave impetus to the Indian National Movement.

Several factors which led to the rise and growth of the Indian National movement are discussed in this article on the causes of Indian National movement. This is a significant topic for UPSC exams.

GS Paper

General Studies Paper I

Topics for UPSC Prelims

British Colonial Policies,  Drain of Wealth, Impact of Revolt of 1857, Socio-Religious Reform Movements, Role of Indian National Congress, Partition of Bengal 1905, Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Swadeshi Movement, Home Rule Movement, World War I, Emergence of National Leaders, Role of Press and Literature, Vernacular Press Act, Impact of Western Education, Rise of Middle Class, Indian Councils Act 1909

Topics for UPSC Mains

Impact of British Economic Policies, Role of Revolutionary Movements, Policies of Lord Curzon, Role of Gandhi and Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, Cripps Mission, Quit India Movement, Impact of Second World War

Causes of Rise of Indian National Movement

The rise of the Indian National Movement was primarily caused by various factors. This included political, social, economic, and cultural grievances of the Indian population under British colonial rule. The oppressive policies and exploitative practices of the British, coupled with the growing awareness of nationalism and the desire for self-rule, fueled the movement. The impact of Western education, the growth of the press, and the emergence of a politically conscious middle class also played significant roles in mobilizing the Indian masses. The rise of the Indian National Movement marked a turning point in India's history. It led to a long and arduous struggle for independence.

Western Education

The British introduced the Western educational system in India with the aim of creating a class of educated Indians to serve the Colonial rulers in administrative works. However, it resulted in the assimilation of modern Western ideas such as liberty, equality, rationality and democracy among the educated Indians. This gave rise to a new dimension of political thinking among the nationalists and educated Indians.

Liberal professionals such as doctors and lawyers visited England for their higher studies where they got influenced by the working of modern political institutions in an independent country. This group of middle-class intelligentsia formed the core of the Indian National Movement.

Spread of English Language

With the introduction of the Western education system, the English language became popular among educated Indians. Since the nationalists were from different linguistic backgrounds, it was difficult to communicate. With the introduction of the English language, nationalists from different parts of the country were able to share their ideas and opinions. English became the Lingua Franca.

Social and Religious Reform Movements

A number of social and religious reform movements were started in the Nineteenth century in order to reform the social institutions and religious outlooks as they divided the society and hampered the advancement of the nation.

Leaders like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Swami Dayanand Saraswati and Aurobindo Ghosh voiced the intellectual and spiritual side of Nationalism. Some of the important socio-religious reform movements that contributed to the feeling of Nationalism were Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, Prarthana Samaj and so on.

Organisations such as Bengal India Association, Bengal Presidency Association, and Poona Sarvajanik Sabha were formed to raise voices against British rule. These socio-religious movements brought different sections of the society together and were an essential factor in the growth of Indian Nationalism.

Exploitation of the Indian Economy

The impact of British rule on the Indian economy was very disastrous. The Indian goods were levied with high import duties in order to enter the England market whereas free trade policy was followed in India for the transaction of raw materials and finished British goods. Maintaining Civil servants and Military forces at the cost of India, ever mounting Home charges and continuous drain of wealth from India resulted in the stagnation of the Indian economy.

Indian Nationalists like Dadabhai Naoroji, M.G.Ranade and so on, developed the theory of increasing poverty in India and attributed it to colonial rule. They tagged colonial rule as the cause of poverty in India. This created hatred for colonial rule and led to the growth of Indian Nationalism.

Development of Infrastructure

The British developed network infrastructures such as roads and railways for their administrative convenience and commercial activities. These infrastructures connected people from different parts of the country and with the commutation facilities, it was made easier for the leaders to spread the ideas related to Nationalism to every nook and corner of the country.

The development of Railways unified the country and facilitated the growth of Nationalism The development of the modern postal and telegraph system also contributed to the unification of the country. With the cheaper postage rate for letters and transmission rate for newspapers, the transmission of ideas was made easy. This enabled the people living in different parts of the country to develop constant contact with one another and thereby promoted the cause of Nationalism.

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Growth of Modern Press

Press was a powerful social institution which made the exchange of thoughts easier on a large scale. The introduction of the printing press in India had great significance. In the second half of the Nineteenth Century, there was an unprecedented growth of both English and Vernacular newspapers.

Newspapers such as Amrita Bazar Patrika, The Hindu, The Bengali, The Tribune, The Madras Mail, The Indian Mirror, The Pioneer, The Maratha, The Keshari etc., exposed the unjust rule of the British in India.

Ideas such as liberty, democracy, independence, home rule and so on were popularized among the people with the help of the newspapers. Political ideas were also exchanged among the Nationalists from different parts of the Country There were about 169 vernacular newspapers published in 1877, which reached the neighbourhood of 1,00,000. Though a number of restrictions were imposed by the Colonial rulers on the press, it made rapid strides.

Policies of Lord Lytton

Lord Lytton was the Viceroy of India from 1876 to 1880 during which he introduced several acts and policies that agitated the people against British rule in India. He reduced the maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Service exam from 21 years to 19 years. This angered the Indians as it was difficult for them to compete in the exam.

In 1878, he passed the Vernacular Press Act which curtailed the freedom of the Indian press to criticize the British Government in India. He also passed the Indian Arms Act of 1878, under which the Indians were prohibited from carrying guns without a license. He conducted the grand Delhi Durbar of 1877 luxuriously when there was a huge famine in the Southern region of the country.

Ilbert Bill Controversy

In 1883, the Ilbert Bill was drafted by Sir Courtenay Peregrine Ilbert and introduced in India under the Viceroyship of Lord Ripon.

The Ilbert Bill aimed to remove the racial discrimination in the judicial system by allowing the Indian judges of covenanted civil service to try cases against the Europeans and thereby giving the Indians the same powers and rights as enjoyed by the Europeans This bill was strongly opposed by the members of the European community. This controversy was an eye-opener for the Indian Nationalists as it revealed the deep-seated prejudice of the Europeans against the Indians.

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Impact of International Events

There were a number of contemporary Nationalist Movements around the World which influenced the Indian National Movement. Middle-Class Intelligentsia was influenced by the Nationalist liberation movements of Greece, Italy and Ireland. The ideas of the French revolution such as Liberty, Equality and Fraternity inspired the Indians.

Revolutionary movements such as the American revolution, and the Russian revolution further strengthened the idea of nationalism in India.

Racialism

The British developed an attitude of arrogance and contempt towards the Indians. They labelled Indians as the inferior race and often referred to Indians as liars, forgers and not trustworthy.

The Punch magazine of England cartooned the Indians as a half gorilla and half negroes. This agitated the Indian masses and created racial bitterness between the British and the Indians.

Influence of India’s Past

European scholars such as Max Muller, Monier Williams, Roth and Sassoon conducted historical research in India, giving a new picture of India’s rich cultural heritage. The excavations conducted by Marshall and Coningham revealed that India’s past glory was no less than that of the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome.

Indians were psychologically boosted by the theory put forth by European scholars that Indo-Aryans belonged to the same ethnic group as that of other Europeans. The well-developed political system, flourishing trade and rich cultural heritage of Ancient India were pictured by the scholars and this in turn boosted the self-respect and self-confidence of the Indian people.

The mix of all these above-mentioned factors turned out to be the cause of rise of Indian National movement against unjust colonial rule.

Check out some more NCERT Notes on Modern Indian History Notes For UPSC here.

Major Takeaways

  • Policies like the Drain of Wealth Theory exposed the exploitative nature of British rule, fostering resentment and fueling the national movement.
  • Limited Indian participation in the administration and a sense of exclusion from decision-making processes fueled nationalist sentiments.
  • Exposure to Western ideas of liberty, democracy, and nationalism through British education inspired Indians to fight for self-rule.
  • Movements like Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj aimed to revive Indian culture and heritage, indirectly contributing to a sense of national identity and pride.
  • Measures like the Vernacular Press Act (1878) restricting press freedom and discriminatory policies like the Arms Act (1878) fueled nationalist anger.
  • Successes of independence movements in other countries like the American Revolution and the Italian Unification inspired Indian nationalists.
  • Events like the Sepoy Mutiny (1857), though a rebellion, exposed vulnerabilities in British rule and showcased the possibility of a united Indian resistance. 

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Causes of Indian National Movement UPSC FAQs

The Indian National Movement was primarily caused by the political, social, economic, and cultural grievances of the Indian population under British colonial rule.

The causes of Indian national movement include the oppressive policies of the British, the impact of Western education, the growth of the press, the emergence of a politically conscious middle class, and the desire for self-rule and independence.

The causes of rise of Indian national movement was the British colonial rule and its oppressive policies. This led to a sense of collective identity and the desire for self-determination among the Indian population.

The Indian National Movement was not started by a single individual. It rather emerged as a collective effort of various leaders and organizations. Prominent figures like Dadabhai Naoroji, A.O. Hume, and Surendranath Banerjee played significant roles in its early stages.

The Indian National Movement can be broadly divided into three stages. The first stage (1885-1905) was the moderate phase, followed by the second stage (1905-1919) characterized by the rise of extremism, and finally, the third stage (1919-1947) marked by mass movements and the struggle for independence.
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