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What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework

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What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework. Also mention the global targets of Sendai framework for DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (2015-2030).
This topic defines disaster resilience, explains how it is assessed, describes the elements of a resilience framework, and outlines the global targets set by the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. It belongs to General Studies Paper III: Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management.

Approach:

Introduction: Define disaster resilience and explain how it is determined.

Body: Discuss various elements of a resilience framework.

Conclusion: Mention the global targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030).

Disaster resilience refers to the ability of individuals, communities, and systems to withstand, adapt to, and recover from disasters. It involves both pre-disaster preparedness and post-disaster recovery, ensuring that impacts are minimized and normalcy is restored swiftly. Resilience is determined by factors like infrastructure robustness, social and economic capacity, governance, and adaptive capabilities.
According to the UNDRR, natural disasters have affected over 3 billion people globally in the last two decades, highlighting the need for resilient frameworks. The World Bank estimates that every $1 invested in resilience saves $4 in disaster recovery costs, underscoring the economic value of resilience.

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Determination of Disaster Resilience
Disaster resilience is determined through:

Risk assessment: Identifying potential hazards and vulnerabilities.

Preparedness measures: Early warning systems and emergency response plans.

Adaptive capacity: The ability to change or adjust to new risks (climate adaptation, urban planning).

Recovery capabilities: Efficient rehabilitation and rebuilding efforts post-disaster.

Elements of a Disaster Resilience Framework
A comprehensive resilience framework incorporates the following elements:

Risk Knowledge and Assessment

Understanding the nature and likelihood of hazards.
Conducting vulnerability assessments.
Example: Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for mapping flood-prone areas.

Preparedness and Early Warning

Establishing alert mechanisms and communication channels.
Public education and awareness programs.
Example: Indian Meteorological Department's cyclone warning system.

Risk Governance and Policy Implementation

Strong institutional frameworks and leadership.
Integration of disaster risk reduction (DRR) into development planning.
Example: National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines.

Infrastructure and Technological Innovation

Ensuring that critical infrastructure like hospitals and transportation systems are disaster-resilient.
Using technology like resilient construction materials and smart grids.
Example: Climate-resilient buildings in coastal cities.

Community Engagement and Social Capital

Involving local communities in planning and decision-making.
Strengthening social networks and mutual aid systems.
Example: Self-help groups during floods in Kerala (2018).

Sustainable Livelihoods and Economic Recovery

Providing livelihood diversification to reduce economic vulnerability.
Supporting micro-insurance schemes for vulnerable populations.
Example: MNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) as a safety net.

Environmental Sustainability and Ecosystem Services

Conservation of natural barriers like mangroves for flood mitigation.
Sustainable resource management practices.
Example: Coastal regulation zones to protect against tsunamis.

Global Targets of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030)
The Sendai Framework, adopted by the UN in 2015, sets seven global targets to reduce disaster risk by 2030:

Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030.
Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally.
Reduce direct disaster-related economic losses relative to global GDP.
Reduce damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services.

Increase the number of countries with national and local DRR strategies by 2020.
Enhance international cooperation to developing countries.
Increase the availability and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information.

Conclusion
A robust disaster resilience framework enhances preparedness, reduces vulnerabilities, and enables rapid recovery from disasters. The Sendai Framework (2015-2030) provides a global blueprint for achieving these goals, aiming to reduce disaster losses in lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure. Collaborative initiatives like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) further strengthen global resilience by promoting sustainable infrastructure development.
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